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Granuloma Inguinale

Disease Details

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Description: Granuloma inguinale is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis, characterized by chronic, progressive ulcerative lesions on the genital and perineal areas.
Type: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is a bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis. It is not a genetic disease and therefore has no genetic transmission. It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact.
Signs And Symptoms: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis.

**Signs and Symptoms:**
1. **Painless Ulcers:** Initial presentation includes the appearance of painless, beefy-red ulcers on the genitalia or perianal area.
2. **Bleeding:** The ulcers often bleed easily when touched.
3. **Scarring:** Over time, the ulcers can lead to significant scarring and tissue destruction if untreated.
4. **Exogenous Ulceration:** In some cases, secondary bacterial infection can cause additional ulcerations outside the primary affected area.
5. **Swelling:** The lymph nodes may become swollen, although this is less common.

Nan is not relevant to granuloma inguinale.
Prognosis: Granuloma inguinale, also known as Donovanosis, typically has a good prognosis if treated appropriately. Early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment, usually with azithromycin, are crucial to prevent complications. Untreated, the disease can cause extensive tissue damage and deformity, but timely medical intervention generally leads to full recovery.
Onset: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis. The onset of symptoms typically occurs 1 to 12 weeks after exposure.
Prevalence: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is a rare sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis. The prevalence of this disease is low in most parts of the world. It is more commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of India, Papua New Guinea, central Australia, and southern Africa. Specific prevalence data is challenging to determine due to underreporting and variations in diagnostic capabilities in different regions.
Epidemiology: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is a bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis. It is relatively rare but most commonly occurs in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of India, Papua New Guinea, central Australia, and southern Africa. The disease primarily affects sexually active adults and is more prevalent in populations with poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare. It is transmitted through sexual contact and occasionally through nonsexual skin contact or via vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth.
Intractability: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is a bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis. It is generally not considered intractable, as it can be effectively treated with a course of antibiotics such as azithromycin, doxycycline, or other appropriate antibiotics. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and promote full recovery.
Disease Severity: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is characterized by chronic, progressively ulcerative lesions. If left untreated, it can lead to significant tissue damage and disfigurement. However, it is not typically life-threatening. Proper antibiotic treatment can effectively manage the disease, reducing its severity and preventing complications.
Healthcare Professionals: Disease Ontology ID - DOID:9113
Pathophysiology: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is a chronic bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis. The pathophysiology involves the bacterium infecting the genital and perineal areas, leading to the formation of painless, progressive ulcerative lesions. The bacteria spread through direct skin-to-skin contact, often during sexual activity. Once the bacteria invade the tissue, they cause a granulomatous inflammatory reaction, characterized by the presence of Donovan bodies (intracytoplasmic inclusions) within macrophages. If left untreated, the lesions can slowly enlarge and destroy the affected tissues, and secondary bacterial infections may complicate the disease.
Carrier Status: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, does not typically involve a carrier status in the same way other infectious diseases might. It is a bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis, which is transmitted primarily through sexual contact. Since it manifests through infection, the concept of being an asymptomatic carrier is less relevant. Instead, focus is on identifying and treating active infections to prevent transmission.
Mechanism: The microorganism spreads from one host to another through contact with the open sores.
Treatment: Recommended regimen is azithromycin 1 gram oral/IV once per week, alternatively doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day or ciprofloxacin 750 mg orally twice a day or erythromycin base 500 mg orally four times a day or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole one double-strength (160 mg/800 mg) tablet orally twice a day. All antibiotic regimens should last for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed. Association with gentamicin is sometimes used in severe cases, specially in cases of AIDS. Normally, the infection will begin to subside within a week of treatment, but the full treatment period must be followed to minimize the possibility of relapse.
Sporadic surgical ressection of the lesions has been used in extensive perineal fistulae refractory to pharmacological
intervention.
The CDC 2015 guidelines give azithromycin as the antibiotic of choice.
Compassionate Use Treatment: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is a bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis. This disease is typically treated with antibiotics, but in cases where standard treatments are not effective or available, compassionate use of other treatments may be considered. Off-label or experimental treatments involve the use of medications that have not been specifically approved for granuloma inguinale but show potential efficacy. Here are a few examples:

1. **Azithromycin:** This antibiotic, typically used for various infections, is sometimes used off-label for granuloma inguinale. It is administered orally, often for an extended duration to ensure the infection is fully eradicated.

2. **Doxycycline:** Another antibiotic used off-label, administered orally, often in combination with other drugs for better effectiveness.

3. **Ceftriaxone:** A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that may be used off-label, especially in severe cases where intravenous administration is necessary.

4. **Ciprofloxacin:** Sometimes considered for off-label use due to its broad-spectrum activity, particularly if the standard antibiotics are not tolerated or are ineffective.

5. **Levofloxacin** and **moxifloxacin:** Other fluoroquinolones that may be considered for off-label use in resistant or complicated cases.

For patients who do not respond to these treatments or have severe disease, intravenous therapy with antibiotics like **gentamicin** may be considered, although this is less common. It is crucial for the treatment plan to be closely monitored by a healthcare professional due to the potential side effects and the need for ensuring complete eradication of the bacteria.
Lifestyle Recommendations: For granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), the following lifestyle recommendations might be helpful:

1. **Practice Safe Sex**: Use condoms and practice safe sex to reduce the risk of transmission.
2. **Regular Health Check-ups**: Regular screening and check-ups, especially if you are sexually active, to detect any potential infections early.
3. **Complete Treatment**: Ensure you complete the full course of prescribed antibiotics as advised by your healthcare provider to fully treat the infection and prevent recurrence.
4. **Inform Sexual Partners**: Notify any sexual partners to get tested and treated, if necessary, to prevent the spread of the infection.
5. **Maintain Good Hygiene**: Keep the genital area clean and dry to prevent secondary infections.

There are no specific dietary or exercise recommendations directly related to managing granuloma inguinale beyond maintaining general good health practices to support your immune system.
Medication: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is typically treated with antibiotics. Common medications include:

- Azithromycin: 1 gram orally once per week or 500 mg daily for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed.
- Doxycycline: 100 mg orally twice a day for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed.
- Ciprofloxacin: 750 mg orally twice a day for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed.
- Erythromycin: 500 mg orally four times a day for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed.
- Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX): 160 mg/800 mg orally twice a day for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed.

Treatment duration may vary depending on the clinical response, and it is important to continue treatment until all lesions have resolved to prevent recurrence. Consult a healthcare provider for appropriate diagnosis and treatment recommendations.
Repurposable Drugs: For granuloma inguinale, also known as Donovanosis, repurposable drugs include antitubercular medications such as doxycycline, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). These antibiotics are typically used due to their effectiveness against the causative agent, Klebsiella granulomatis.
Metabolites: Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is a bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis. There is no well-established data on specific metabolites associated with granuloma inguinale. This infection is typically diagnosed through clinical presentation and identification of intracellular Donovan bodies using special stains on tissue samples. Further research is needed to clarify the metabolic profile related to this disease.
Nutraceuticals: There is no established evidence supporting the use of nutraceuticals for the treatment or management of granuloma inguinale (donovanosis). This bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis is typically treated with antibiotics like azithromycin or doxycycline. Nutraceuticals and nanotechnology are not currently applicable for this condition.
Peptides: Granuloma inguinale, also known as Donovanosis, is a bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis. There is currently limited information on the direct role of peptides and nanoparticles (NAN) in its treatment. The standard treatment involves antibiotics such as azithromycin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Further research may explore the potential of peptides and nanotechnology in the management of this disease.