GeneHealth's Drug Response Dashboard
Welcome to GeneHealth's Drug Response Exploration Tool. Begin by selecting the medications you're interested in tracking. With GeneHealth's Drug Response Report, gain comprehensive insights into how your body responds to these medications, empowering you with personalized analysis for informed decision-making.
- Abacavir
- Acenocoumarol
- Akt1
- Amikacin
- Aminoglycoside
- Androgen
- Antidepressant
- Antileukotriene
- Atorvastatin
- Boceprevir
- Capecitabine
- Captopril
- Carbamazepine
- Citalopram
- Clopidogrel
- Codeine
- Corticosteroids
- Dabrafenib
- Debrisoquine
- Desflurane
- Doxorubicin
- Efavirenz
- Enflurane
- Erlotinib
- Escitalopram
- Etanercept
- Ezetimibe
- Fentanyl
- Flucloxacillin
- Fluorouracil
- Flurbiprofen
- Fluvastatin
- Gefitinib
- Gemcitabine
- Gentamicin
- Glibenclamide
- Glucocorticoid
- Halothane
- Histone
- Hmg
- Hormonal
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Imatinib
- Interferons
- Irinotecan
- Isoflurane
- Ivacaftor
- Kanamycin
- Lesinurad
- Letrozole
- Levothyroxine
- Lovastatin
- Lovastatin
- Mercaptopurine
- Methotrexate
- Methoxyflurane
- Migalastat
- Mitogen-activated
- Mtor
- Nevirapine
- Nicotine
- Olaparib
- Opioid
- Pazopanib
- Peginterferon
- Peginterferon
- Phenprocoumon
- Piroxicam
- Platinum
- Poly
- Pravastatin
- Prednisolone
- Regorafenib
- Ribavirin
- Rosuvastatin
- Salmeterol
- Sertraline
- Sevoflurane
- Simvastatin
- Sorafenib
- Statins
- Streptomycin
- Succinylcholine
- Sulfonylureas
- Suxamethonium
- Tacrolimus
- Tamoxifen
- Tegafur
- Thiopurine
- Tobramycin
- Tramadol
- Tretinoin
- Tyrosine
- Vancomycin
- Voriconazole
- Warfarin
| Drug | Description | Alt Name(s) | Key Genes | Your Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abacavir | Abacavir is an antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS | Abacavir. | The key gene associated with Abacavir hypersensitivity is HLA-B*57:01 | |
| Acenocoumarol | Acenocoumarol is an oral anticoagulant used to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders | Acenocoumarol is also known as Nicoumalone. | Key genes involved in the metabolism and response to acenocoumarol include CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and VKORC1 | |
| Akt1 | AKT1 inhibitors are drugs that target the AKT1 enzyme, which is involved in cell survival pathways, cancer cell proliferation, and resistance to apoptosis | AKT1 is also known as Protein Kinase B (PKB) or RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase. | The key genes involved with AKT1 include PIK3CA, PDK1, PTEN, and mTOR | |
| Amikacin | Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections | Amikacin. | The key genes associated with amikacin resistance include: 1 | |
| Aminoglycoside | Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit |
Aminoglycosides include: - Gentamicin - Tobramycin - Amikacin - Neomycin - Streptomycin |
Key genes for aminoglycoside resistance include aac (aminoglycoside acetyltransferase), ant (aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase), and aph (aminoglycoside phosphotransferase) | |
| Androgen | Androgens are a group of hormones, including testosterone, that regulate male traits and reproductive activity | Androgen. | Androgen action involves key genes like AR (androgen receptor), SRD5A2 (steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 2), CYP17A1 (cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1), HSD17B3 (hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 3), and SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) | |
| Antidepressant | Antidepressants are medications used to treat various forms of depression by altering chemicals (neurotransmitters) in the brain to help improve mood and emotional state |
Antidepressant: - Generic names: fluoxetine, sertraline, escitalopram, venlafaxine, duloxetine - Brand names: Prozac, Zoloft, Lexapro, Effexor, Cymbalta |
Key genes involved in the response to antidepressants include: 1 | |
| Antileukotriene | Antileukotrienes are medications that block leukotrienes, inflammatory chemicals the body releases after coming into contact with an allergen or irritant, used primarily to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis | Antileukotrienes. | Key genes involved in antileukotriene drug mechanisms include ALOX5, CYSLTR1, and CYSLTR2 | |
| Atorvastatin | Atorvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) used to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood | Atorvastatin. | Key genes involved in atorvastatin response include: 1 | |
| Boceprevir | Boceprevir is an oral protease inhibitor used in combination with other medications to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, genotype 1 | Boceprevir. | Boceprevir is influenced by genetic variations in IL28B, affecting treatment response in hepatitis C patients | |
| Capecitabine | Capecitabine is an oral chemotherapy drug used to treat certain types of cancer, including breast and colorectal cancer | Capecitabine is commonly referred to as Xeloda. | Key genes associated with capecitabine include DPYD, TYMS, and MTHFR | |
| Captopril | Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used primarily for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure | Captopril | Key genes for captopril include ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), AGT (angiotensinogen), and AGTR1 (angiotensin II receptor type 1) | |
| Carbamazepine | Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug primarily used to treat epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and neuropathic pain | Carbamazepine | Key genes involved in the pharmacogenetics of carbamazepine include HLA-B, specifically the HLA-B*15:02 allele, and CYP3A4, CYP3A5, as these variants affect drug metabolism and risk of adverse reactions | |
| Citalopram | Citalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat major depressive disorder by increasing serotonin levels in the brain to help improve mood | Citalopram. | Key genes affecting response to citalopram include CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, which influence its metabolism | |
| Clopidogrel | Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication used to prevent blood clots in patients with cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, stroke, or peripheral artery disease | Clopidogrel is also known as Plavix. | Key genes affecting Clopidogrel response include CYP2C19, ABCB1, and PON1 | |
| Codeine | Codeine is an opioid analgesic used to treat mild to moderately severe pain and to suppress cough | Codeine. | Key genes involved in the metabolism of Codeine include CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and UGT2B7 | |
| Corticosteroids | Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat conditions like asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus | Prednisone, Hydrocortisone, Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone, Betamethasone. | Key genes involved with corticosteroid response include NR3C1 (glucocorticoid receptor), HSD11B1 (11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1), and CYP3A4 (cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme) | |
| Dabrafenib | Dabrafenib is a kinase inhibitor targeting BRAF V600E mutation, used primarily for treating melanoma and certain types of thyroid cancer | Dabrafenib | Dabrafenib targets the BRAF gene, specifically the BRAF V600E mutation | |
| Debrisoquine | Debrisoquine is an antihypertensive agent and an adrenergic neuron-blocking drug | Debrisoquine | The key gene for Debrisoquine metabolism is CYP2D6 | |
| Desflurane | Desflurane is a volatile, highly fluorinated methyl ethyl ether used as an inhalational anesthetic for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia | Desflurane. | Key genes affecting desflurane metabolism and response include CYP2E1 and RYR1 | |
| Doxorubicin | Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic used as a chemotherapy agent | Doxorubicin is also known as Adriamycin. | Key genes associated with Doxorubicin response include ABCC1, ABCB1, NQO1, TOP2A, and SLCO1B3 | |
| Efavirenz | Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection | Efavirenz (EFV) | Key genes for Efavirenz include CYP2B6, CYP3A4, and CYP2A6 | |
| Enflurane | Enflurane is a volatile inhalation anesthetic used for inducing and maintaining general anesthesia | C3H2ClF5O | Key genes associated with the metabolism and effects of enflurane include CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and GABRA2 | |
| Erlotinib | Erlotinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), used primarily in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic cancer | Erlotinib is also known by the brand name Tarceva. | Key genes involved with erlotinib include EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) and KRAS | |
| Escitalopram | Escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder | Escitalopram | Escitalopram metabolism is influenced by the CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genes | |
| Etanercept | Etanercept is a biologic medication used to treat autoimmune diseases by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF) | Etanercept | Key genes: TNF (tumor necrosis factor) | |
| Ezetimibe | Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor used to reduce elevated cholesterol levels by preventing the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine | Ezetimibe. | Key genes associated with the action of Ezetimibe include NPC1L1 (encodes Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 protein, the target of Ezetimibe) and ABCG5/ABCG8 (genes involved in sterol transport and cholesterol homeostasis) | |
| Fentanyl | Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opioid analgesic, similar to morphine but 50-100 times more potent | Fentanyl. | Key genes involved in fentanyl metabolism and response include: 1 | |
| Flucloxacillin | Flucloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat infections caused by penicillinase-producing staphylococci and certain streptococci | Flucloxacillin. | Key genes related to flucloxacillin are CYP3A4 and HLA-B | |
| Fluorouracil | Fluorouracil is an antimetabolite chemotherapy drug used to treat various cancers, including colorectal, breast, stomach, and pancreatic cancers |
Common name: Fluorouracil Synonyms: 5-FU, Adrucil, Carac, Efudex, Fluoroplex |
Key genes involved with Fluorouracil include DPYD, TYMS, and MTHFR | |
| Flurbiprofen | Flurbiprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce inflammation and pain in conditions like arthritis | Flurbiprofen is commonly marketed under the brand name Ansaid. | Key genes related to flurbiprofen metabolism and response include CYP2C9, which is involved in its metabolism, and PTGS1 and PTGS2, which encode cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) targeted by flurbiprofen | |
| Fluvastatin | Fluvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) used to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood | Fluvastatin | Key genes that influence fluvastatin response include SLCO1B1, CYP2C9, HMGCR, and ABCG2 | |
| Gefitinib | Gefitinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with specific EGFR mutations | Gefitinib. | Key genes associated with gefitinib include EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) | |
| Gemcitabine | Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog used as chemotherapy | Gemcitabine, marketed as Gemzar. | The key genes associated with Gemcitabine include CDA (Cytidine Deaminase), DCK (Deoxycytidine Kinase), RRM1 (Ribonucleotide Reductase Catalytic Subunit M1), and RRM2 (Ribonucleotide Reductase Regulatory Subunit M2) | |
| Gentamicin | Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, effective against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria | Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. | Key genes associated with gentamicin include MT-RNR1 for mitochondrial toxicity and GJB2 for congenital hearing loss | |
| Glibenclamide | Glibenclamide is an oral hypoglycemic agent used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus | Glibenclamide is also known as Glyburide. | Key genes associated with Glibenclamide response include ABCC8, KCNJ11, and TCF7L2 | |
| Glucocorticoid | Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor | Glucocorticoid is also known as corticosteroid. | Key genes involved in glucocorticoid function include NR3C1 (Glucocorticoid Receptor), HSD11B1 (11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1), FKBP5 (FK506 Binding Protein 5), and SGK1 (Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase SGK1) | |
| Halothane | Halothane is a potent inhalational general anesthetic used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia | Halothane is also known as 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane. | Key genes associated with halothane include: - RYR1 (ryanodine receptor 1) - CACNA1S (calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S) - ATP2A1 (ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 1) | |
| Histone | Histone refers to a group of proteins that help package DNA into structural units called nucleosomes | Histone. | HIST1H1A, HIST1H1B, HIST1H1C, HIST1H1D, HIST1H1E, HIST1H2AE, HIST1H2AG, HIST1H2AH, HIST1H2AK, HIST1H2AL, HIST1H2AM, HIST1H2BA, HIST1H2BC, HIST1H2BD, HIST1H2BF, HIST1H2BG, HIST1H2BH, HIST1H2BI, HIST1H2BJ, HIST1H2BK, HIST1H2BL, HIST1H2BM, HIST1H3A, HIST1H3B, HIST1H3C, HIST1H3D, HIST1H3E, HIST1H3F, HIST1H3G, HIST1H3H, HIST1H3I, HIST1H3J | |
| Hmg | Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG) is a medication containing both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) | Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG). | Key genes for Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG) include FSHB (Follicle Stimulating Hormone Beta Subunit) and LHB (Luteinizing Hormone Beta Subunit) | |
| Hormonal | Hormonal drugs are medications that influence the body's endocrine system, affecting hormone levels and their actions |
GnRH: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone HRT: Hormone Replacement Therapy LH: Luteinizing Hormone FSH: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone T3: Triiodothyronine T4: Thyroxine ADH: Antidiuretic Hormone ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
Key genes involved in hormonal regulation include: 1 | |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and edema (fluid retention) associated with conditions such as heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney disorders | HCTZ | Key genes: SLC12A3 (encodes NCC, the target of hydrochlorothiazide), KCNJ1 (influences drug response), CACNB2, CACNA1C (associated with blood pressure response), and various genes involved in electrolyte transport and metabolism | |
| Imatinib | Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used primarily in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) | Imatinib: Brand name - Gleevec; Chemical name - Imatinib mesylate. | The key genes associated with Imatinib are ABL1, BCR, KIT, PDGFRA, and PDGFRB | |
| Interferons | Interferons are a group of signaling proteins produced by host cells in response to pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites | Interferons are classified primarily into three types: Interferon alpha (IFN-α), Interferon beta (IFN-β), and Interferon gamma (IFN-γ). | The key genes for interferons include IFNA (alpha), IFNB (beta), IFNG (gamma), IFNE (epsilon), and IFNK (kappa) | |
| Irinotecan | Irinotecan is a chemotherapy drug used to treat colorectal cancer | Irinotecan, also known as CPT-11. | The key genes for Irinotecan metabolism and response are: 1 | |
| Isoflurane | Isoflurane is a halogenated ether used as a volatile inhalational anesthetic for general anesthesia | Isoflurane. | Key genes involved in isoflurane metabolism and response include CYP2E1, GABRA2, KCNJ3, and ATP1A1 | |
| Ivacaftor | Ivacaftor is a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) potentiator used to treat cystic fibrosis in patients with specific CFTR gene mutations | Ivacaftor is also known as VX-770. | Ivacaftor targets the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene | |
| Kanamycin | Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections, including tuberculosis and infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria | Kanamycin. | Key genes related to kanamycin resistance include: 1 | |
| Lesinurad | Lesinurad is a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor (SURI) used in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor to treat hyperuricemia associated with gout | Lesinurad. | The key gene associated with Lesinurad is SLC22A12, which encodes the URAT1 protein involved in uric acid reabsorption in the kidneys | |
| Letrozole | Letrozole is an oral nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor used primarily for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women | Letrozole is commonly known by its brand name, Femara. | Key genes associated with Letrozole include CYP19A1, ESR1, and ESR2 | |
| Levothyroxine | Levothyroxine is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4), used to treat hypothyroidism by normalizing thyroid hormone levels | Levothyroxine. | Key genes related to Levothyroxine include TSHR, DIO1, DIO2, DIO3, SLC5A5, TG, and TPO | |
| Lovastatin | Lovastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) used to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease | Lovastatin. | Key genes for lovastatin include CYP3A4, SLCO1B1, and ABCB1 | |
| Lovastatin | Lovastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) used to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease | Lovastatin is also known as Mevacor. | ABCB1, SLCO1B1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, HMGCR | |
| Mercaptopurine | Mercaptopurine is an antimetabolite chemotherapy drug used primarily to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis, leading to cell death | Mercaptopurine: 6-MP | Key genes: TPMT, NUDT15 | |
| Methotrexate | Methotrexate is a folate antimetabolite used to treat certain types of cancer, severe psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting DNA synthesis, repair, and cellular replication | MTX. | The key genes associated with methotrexate response and toxicity include: 1 | |
| Methoxyflurane | Methoxyflurane is an inhalation anesthetic and analgesic agent used primarily for short-term pain relief in situations like trauma and medical procedures | Methoxyflurane is commonly known as Penthrox. | Methoxyflurane is metabolized primarily by enzymes in the liver, with key genes involved including CYP2E1 and GST (Glutathione S-Transferases) family genes | |
| Migalastat | Migalastat is an oral pharmacological chaperone used to treat Fabry disease | Migalastat is the generic name. The brand name is Galafold. | Migalastat targets the GLA gene, which encodes the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A | |
| Mitogen-activated | Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases involved in cellular responses to a variety of stimuli, including mitogens, stress, and proinflammatory cytokines | MKK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase). | Key genes involved in Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways include MAPK1 (ERK2), MAPK3 (ERK1), MAPK8 (JNK1), MAPK9 (JNK2), MAPK14 (p38 alpha), and MAP2K1 (MEK1) | |
| Mtor | MTOR inhibitors are drugs that block the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein kinase involved in cell growth, proliferation, and survival | mTOR: Mammalian Target of Rapamycin. | Key genes involved in mTOR signaling include MTOR, RPTOR, MLST8, AKT1, TSC1, TSC2, DEPTOR, PRR5, and RHEB | |
| Nevirapine | Nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS by inhibiting the activity of reverse transcriptase, an enzyme critical for the replication of HIV | Nevirapine | The CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 genes are key in the metabolism of nevirapine | |
| Nicotine | Nicotine is a stimulant and alkaloid found in tobacco plants | Nicotine. | Key genes involved in nicotine dependence include CHRNA5, CHRNA3, CHRNB4, DRD2, and CYP2A6 | |
| Olaparib | Olaparib is a PARP inhibitor used to treat certain types of ovarian, breast, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers | Olaparib | BRCA1, BRCA2 | |
| Opioid | Opioids are a class of drugs that include both prescription pain relievers (like oxycodone and morphine) and illegal drugs (like heroin) | Opioid. | Key genes related to opioid pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics include OPRM1, which encodes the mu-opioid receptor, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, involved in opioid metabolism, and ABCB1, which encodes P-glycoprotein affecting drug transport | |
| Pazopanib | Pazopanib is an oral multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that interferes with tumor growth and angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR), and KIT | Pazopanib. | Key genes associated with Pazopanib include VEGFR1 (FLT1), VEGFR2 (KDR), VEGFR3 (FLT4), PDGFR-α (PDGFRA), PDGFR-β (PDGFRB), and c-KIT (KIT) | |
| Peginterferon | Peginterferon is a long-acting form of interferon used to treat chronic hepatitis C and some forms of multiple sclerosis | Peginterferon. | Key genes involved with peginterferon treatment include IFNL3 (IL28B), which is associated with treatment response for hepatitis C, and IFNAR1/2, involved in the interferon signaling pathway | |
| Peginterferon | Peginterferon is a modified form of interferon used to treat chronic hepatitis C | Peginterferon. | Peginterferon primarily interacts with the following genes: 1 | |
| Phenprocoumon | Phenprocoumon is an oral anticoagulant used to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders | Phenprocoumon. | The key genes related to phenprocoumon include CYP2C9 and VKORC1, which influence its metabolism and anticoagulant effect | |
| Piroxicam | Piroxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve pain and inflammation in conditions such as arthritis | Piroxicam (C15H13N3O4S) | Key genes involved in Piroxicam metabolism and response include CYP2C9, PTGS1 (COX-1), PTGS2 (COX-2), and UGT1A1 | |
| Platinum | Platinum-based drugs, such as cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, are chemotherapy agents used to treat various cancers | Pt | The key genes associated with platinum drug response are ERCC1, ERCC2, GSTP1, XRCC1, and BRCA1 | |
| Poly | Poly is a term that refers to various combinations of drugs used simultaneously, typically for enhancing effects or managing multiple conditions | Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). | Key genes involved in polypharmacy (the use of multiple medications) include CYP450 family genes like CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 | |
| Pravastatin | Pravastatin is a statin used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood | Pravastatin is also known by the brand name Pravachol. | Key genes for pravastatin include SLCO1B1, which encodes the OATP1B1 transporter involved in hepatic uptake, and HMGCR, which encodes the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, the drug's target | |
| Prednisolone | Prednisolone is a glucocorticoid medication commonly used to treat inflammation, allergies, autoimmune disorders, and certain types of cancer | Prednisolone. | Key genes associated with Prednisolone response include NR3C1, HSD11B1, and CYP3A4 | |
| Regorafenib | Regorafenib is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor that targets angiogenic, stromal, and oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases, used in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and hepatocellular carcinoma | Regorafenib | Key genes associated with the response to Regorafenib include VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, KIT, PDGFR-α, and PDGFR-β | |
| Ribavirin | Ribavirin is an antiviral medication used to treat hepatitis C and some viral hemorrhagic fevers | Available under brand names: Copegus, Rebetol, Ribasphere, Virazole. | Key genes related to ribavirin response include ITPA (inosine triphosphatase), AGT (angiotensinogen), and IFNL3 (interferon lambda 3, also known as IL28B) | |
| Rosuvastatin | Rosuvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, also known as a statin, used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood | Rosuvastatin calcium | - **SLCO1B1:** Gene encoding OATP1B1, important for hepatic uptake | |
| Salmeterol | Salmeterol is a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist (LABA) used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | Salmeterol | Key genes for salmeterol include ADRB2, CRHR1, and ARG1 | |
| Sertraline | Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, panic attacks, and obsessive-compulsive disorder | Sertraline | The key genes associated with sertraline metabolism and response include CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and SLC6A4 | |
| Sevoflurane | Sevoflurane is a halogenated general anesthetic used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia | Sevoflurane | Key genes associated with the response to sevoflurane include CYP2E1, RyR1, and CACNA1S | |
| Simvastatin | Simvastatin is a lipid-lowering medication that belongs to the statin class | Simvastatin | Key genes associated with simvastatin metabolism and response include SLCO1B1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 | |
| Sorafenib | Sorafenib is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor used to treat certain types of cancer, including advanced renal cell carcinoma, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, and radioactive iodine-resistant thyroid carcinoma | Sorafenib. | Key genes associated with sorafenib include RAF1, BRAF, VEGFR, PDGFR, and KIT | |
| Statins | Statins are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol | Common statins include Atorvastatin, Simvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Pravastatin, Lovastatin, and Fluvastatin. | Key genes involved in statin metabolism and response include HMGCR, SLCO1B1, ABCB1, and CYP3A4 | |
| Streptomycin | Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections | Streptomycin. | Key genes associated with streptomycin resistance include rrs (16S rRNA gene), rpsL (ribosomal protein S12 gene), and gidB (glucose-inhibited division protein B gene) | |
| Succinylcholine | Succinylcholine is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker used to induce muscle relaxation and short-term paralysis, typically to facilitate tracheal intubation or during surgery | Succinylcholine. | Key genes related to succinylcholine include BCHE (butyrylcholinesterase) and RYR1 (ryanodine receptor 1) | |
| Sulfonylureas | Sulfonylureas are a class of oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat type 2 diabetes | Common sulfonylureas include glipizide, glyburide, and glimepiride. | Key genes for sulfonylureas include KCNJ11, ABCC8, and CYP2C9 | |
| Suxamethonium | Suxamethonium, also known as succinylcholine, is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker used to induce muscle relaxation and short-term paralysis, often to facilitate tracheal intubation or during surgical procedures | Suxamethonium is also known as succinylcholine. | Key genes: CHRNA1, BCHE | |
| Tacrolimus | Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant used primarily to prevent organ transplant rejection | Tacrolimus (brand names: Prograf, Advagraf, Envarsus) | Key genes for Tacrolimus include CYP3A5, CYP3A4, and ABCB1 | |
| Tamoxifen | Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) commonly used to treat and prevent breast cancer | Tamoxifen. | Key genes for Tamoxifen include CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 | |
| Tegafur | Tegafur is a prodrug of the anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) used in chemotherapy | Tegafur. | Key genes associated with Tegafur: DPYD, TYMS, MTHFR, and CYP2A6 | |
| Thiopurine | Thiopurines are a class of immunosuppressive drugs that include azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine | Thiopurine. | Key genes associated with Thiopurine metabolism are TPMT (Thiopurine S-methyltransferase) and NUDT15 (Nudix Hydrolase 15) | |
| Tobramycin | Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infections | Tobramycin. | Key genes associated with tobramycin include: - rrs: Encodes the 16S rRNA which can mutate and confer resistance | |
| Tramadol | Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain | Tramadol is often known by the brand name Ultram. | Key genes involved in tramadol's metabolism and response are CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and SLC22A2 | |
| Tretinoin | Tretinoin is a topical retinoid used to treat acne, fine wrinkles, and mottled skin discoloration | Tretinoin is also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). | Tretinoin, or all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), influences gene expression by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) | |
| Tyrosine | Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid used by the body to produce neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones | Tyrosine (L-Tyrosine) | Key genes involved in tyrosine metabolism include TYR (tyrosinase), TAT (tyrosine aminotransferase), HPD (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase), and DDC (dopa decarboxylase) | |
| Vancomycin | Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections, often those caused by Gram-positive bacteria resistant to other antibiotics, such as MRSA and C | Vancomycin. | The key genes associated with Vancomycin resistance are **vanA**, **vanB**, **vanC**, **vanD**, **vanE**, and **vanG** | |
| Voriconazole | Voriconazole is a triazole antifungal medication used to treat serious fungal infections, including invasive aspergillosis and candidemia | Voriconazole. | Key genes associated with Voriconazole include CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and POR | |
| Warfarin | Warfarin is an anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, reducing blood clot formation | Warfarin is also known as Coumadin. | Key genes affecting Warfarin response include CYP2C9 and VKORC1 |