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Premenstrual Tension

Disease Details

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Description: Premenstrual tension is a condition characterized by emotional and physical symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and typically resolve with the onset of menstruation.
Type: Premenstrual tension, commonly referred to as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), is not classified as a disease with a specific type of genetic transmission. While the exact cause of PMS is not fully understood, it is believed to result from a combination of hormonal changes and possibly genetic predisposition. There is no clear mode of genetic inheritance established for PMS. If there is a genetic component, it is likely complex and multifactorial rather than following a single genetic transmission pattern.
Signs And Symptoms: Any disruptive, cyclical symptom could be a symptom of PMS, and some sources have suggested that the number of claimed symptoms could exceed even 200. However, some symptoms are relatively common in PMS. Common emotional and non-specific symptoms include stress, anxiety, difficulty with sleep, headache, feeling tired, mood swings, increased emotional sensitivity, and changes in interest in sex. Problems with concentration and memory may occur. There may also be depression or anxiety.Common physical symptoms include bloating, bilateral breast tenderness, and headache.The exact symptoms and their intensity vary significantly from person to person, and even somewhat from cycle to cycle and over time. Most people with premenstrual syndrome experience only a few of the possible symptoms, in a relatively predictable pattern. Additionally, which symptoms are accepted as evidence of PMS varies by culture. For example, women in China report feeling cold but do not report negative affect as part of PMS, while women in the US report negative affect but not feeling cold as part of PMS.The exclusion of certain symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle can pose a challenge for researchers. For example, period pain, which is common, is excluded, as it does not usually appear until menstruation for some women but some do experience period pain prior. However, any kind of pain can contribute to stress, difficulty with sleep, fatigue, irritability, and other symptoms that do count towards a PMS diagnosis.
Prognosis: PMS is generally a stable diagnosis, with susceptible individuals experiencing the same symptoms at the same intensity near the end of each cycle for years. Treatment for specific symptoms is usually effective. Unsuccessful medical management of severe symptoms frequently indicates misdiagnosis.Perimenstrual breast pain is associated with fibrocystic breast changes.Even without treatment, symptoms tend to decrease in perimenopausal women, and induction of menopause through surgical removal of the ovaries is a treatment of last resort. However, those who experience PMS or PMDD are more likely to have significant symptoms associated with menopause, such as hot flashes.
Onset: The typical onset of premenstrual tension, also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which is after ovulation and before menstruation starts. It can affect women of reproductive age, often starting in their late teens to early 20s, and can continue until menopause. The symptoms usually begin 1-2 weeks before menstruation and resolve with the start of menstrual flow.
Prevalence: The prevalence of premenstrual tension, also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), varies widely but is estimated to affect approximately 20-40% of women of reproductive age to a degree that impacts their daily functioning. Severe forms that significantly impair daily life, known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), affect about 3-8% of women.
Epidemiology: Over 90% of women report having some premenstrual symptoms, such as bloating, headaches, and moodiness. Mostly the symptoms are mild.Globally, about 20% of women of reproductive age have PMS that disrupts their everyday lives. Additionally, about 30% of women have mild or moderate symptoms related to their menstrual cycles that do not disrupt their everyday lives.
Intractability: Premenstrual tension, often referred to as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), is generally not considered intractable. While it can be challenging to manage for some individuals, various treatments and lifestyle changes can help alleviate symptoms. These may include dietary modifications, exercise, stress management techniques, and medications such as hormonal treatments or antidepressants. Each person's experience with PMS can vary, so a personalized approach to management is often necessary.
Disease Severity: Premenstrual tension, also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), varies in severity. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. While many women experience mild discomfort, some have severe symptoms that significantly affect their daily life. It is not typically classified as a disease but as a syndrome due to its range of physical and emotional symptoms.
Healthcare Professionals: Disease Ontology ID - DOID:727
Pathophysiology: Premenstrual tension (PMT), also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), involves a combination of emotional, physical, and psychological symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The pathophysiology is not fully understood but is believed to involve hormonal fluctuations, particularly variations in estrogen and progesterone levels, as well as neurotransmitter changes like serotonin. These hormonal and chemical changes can affect mood regulation and physical symptoms. It may also involve individual sensitivity to these hormonal changes, and genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors can play a role.
Carrier Status: Premenstrual tension, also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), does not involve a carrier status. It is a set of physical and emotional symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, typically resolving with the onset of menstruation. It is not a genetically inherited condition with carriers.
Mechanism: Premenstrual tension, also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), involves a complex interplay of hormonal, neurotransmitter, and molecular mechanisms.

**Mechanism:**
1. **Hormonal Fluctuations**: The primary driver of PMS is the cyclical change in sex hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, which occur during the menstrual cycle. These hormonal fluctuations can affect the brain and body, leading to PMS symptoms.
2. **Neurotransmitter Changes**: Hormones like estrogen and progesterone can influence the levels and activity of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These changes can contribute to mood swings, irritability, and other psychological symptoms of PMS.

**Molecular Mechanisms:**
1. **Interaction with Serotonin**: Estrogen and progesterone affect the serotoninergic system. For instance, progesterone metabolites like allopregnanolone have been shown to modulate GABA_A receptors, affecting mood and anxiety levels. Estrogen can also regulate the expression and function of serotonin receptors, influencing mood and emotional regulation.
2. **Inflammatory Markers**: Some studies suggest that women with PMS may have elevated levels of inflammatory markers like cytokines. These markers can influence mood and physical symptoms, possibly through the effect on neurotransmitter systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
3. **Mineralocorticoid Receptor Sensitivity**: Variability in the sensitivity of mineralocorticoid receptors to aldosterone might contribute to fluid retention and bloating seen during PMS. This is linked to the modulation of electrolyte balance by sex hormones.
4. **Genetic Influence**: There may be genetic factors at play, with variations in the genes related to hormone receptors and neurotransmitters potentially influencing the severity of PMS.
5. **Calcium and Magnesium Levels**: Changes in calcium and magnesium levels have been implicated in PMS. These minerals can influence neuromuscular excitability and neurotransmitter release, affecting both physical and emotional symptoms.

These mechanisms illustrate the multifaceted nature of PMS, involving an intricate network of hormonal, neurotransmitter, and molecular interactions.
Treatment: For premenstrual tension (PMT), also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), treatment options include:

1. **Lifestyle Changes**: Regular exercise, a balanced diet low in caffeine and sugar, and stress management techniques.
2. **Medications**:
- **Pain Relievers**: Over-the-counter options like ibuprofen or aspirin for cramping and headaches.
- **Hormonal Treatments**: Birth control pills to regulate or eliminate menstrual cycles.
- **Antidepressants**: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for severe mood symptoms.
3. **Supplements**: Calcium, magnesium, and vitamin B6 can help alleviate symptoms.
4. **Therapies**: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to manage stress and emotional symptoms.

Always consult a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate treatment for your individual needs.
Compassionate Use Treatment: For premenstrual tension (PMT), also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), compassionate use treatments and off-label or experimental treatments may include:

1. **Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)**: Commonly used for depression and anxiety, SSRIs such as fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine are often prescribed off-label for PMS to help alleviate mood-related symptoms.

2. **GnRH Agonists**: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists like leuprolide can be used off-label to suppress the menstrual cycle and reduce PMS symptoms, but they are generally reserved for severe cases due to potential side effects.

3. **Hormonal Treatments**: Some oral contraceptives, particularly those containing drospirenone, may be used off-label to treat PMS symptoms by stabilizing hormone levels.

4. **Magnesium and Calcium Supplements**: While not officially approved for PMS, these supplements are sometimes used based on evidence suggesting they can reduce symptoms like bloating and mood swings.

5. **Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)**: Though primarily a psychological treatment, CBT is sometimes recommended off-label to help women manage the emotional aspects of PMS.

6. **Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus)**: This herbal supplement has shown promise in some studies for reducing PMS symptoms and is used off-label, though robust clinical trial data is limited.

It's important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any off-label or experimental treatment to ensure it is appropriate and safe based on individual health factors.
Lifestyle Recommendations: For premenstrual tension (PMT), here are some lifestyle recommendations that may help alleviate symptoms:

1. **Diet:**
- **Balanced Diet:** Eat a well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
- **Reduce Caffeine and Sugar Intake:** Limiting these can help reduce irritability and mood swings.
- **Stay Hydrated:** Drink plenty of water to help reduce bloating.

2. **Exercise:**
- **Regular Physical Activity:** Engage in regular aerobic exercises like walking, swimming, or cycling to reduce fatigue and improve mood.
- **Yoga and Stretching:** These can help reduce stress and improve overall well-being.

3. **Stress Management:**
- **Relaxation Techniques:** Practice relaxation techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, or deep-breathing exercises.
- **Adequate Sleep:** Ensure you get sufficient and quality sleep because lack of sleep can worsen symptoms.

4. **Avoid Alcohol and Tobacco:**
- Both can exacerbate PMT symptoms.

5. **Support System:**
- **Talk Therapy or Counseling:** If emotional symptoms are severe, speaking to a therapist might be beneficial.
- **Support Groups:** Joining a support group for individuals with PMT can provide emotional support and coping strategies.

6. **Supplements:**
- **Calcium, Magnesium, and Vitamin B6:** Some studies suggest these supplements may help alleviate PMT symptoms, but you should consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement.

These lifestyle changes can help manage and potentially reduce the severity of premenstrual tension symptoms.
Medication: Premenstrual tension (PMT), also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), can be managed with several types of medications. These include:

1. **Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)**: Such as ibuprofen or naproxen to relieve pain and cramps.
2. **Antidepressants**: Particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine, sertraline, or paroxetine, which can help with mood-related symptoms.
3. **Oral Contraceptives**: These can regulate or eliminate menstrual cycles, reducing the severity of PMT symptoms.
4. **Diuretics**: Such as spironolactone to reduce bloating and fluid retention.
5. **GnRH Agonists**: For severe cases, drugs like leuprolide may be used to temporarily suppress ovarian hormone production.

Always consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate treatment for individual needs.
Repurposable Drugs: Premenstrual tension, also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), may benefit from repurposed drugs that were originally developed for other conditions. Some of these include:

1. **Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)**: Originally used for depression and anxiety, SSRIs like fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine can be effective in alleviating severe PMS symptoms.

2. **Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)**: Drugs like ibuprofen and naproxen, commonly used for pain relief and inflammation, can help manage the physical symptoms of PMS such as cramps and headaches.

3. **Oral Contraceptives**: These are primarily used for birth control but can also help regulate hormones and reduce PMS symptoms.

4. **Diuretics**: Medications like spironolactone are generally used to reduce fluid retention and can help alleviate bloating associated with PMS.

5. **GnRH Agonists**: Drugs like leuprolide, which are used for endometriosis and fibroids, might also be helpful in severe PMS cases by reducing hormone fluctuations.

Always consult a healthcare provider for appropriate diagnosis and treatment options.
Metabolites: Premenstrual tension, also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), is characterized by a variety of symptoms that occur before the onset of menstruation. There is no specific information on metabolites directly linked to premenstrual tension. However, hormonal fluctuations, particularly in estrogen and progesterone, are considered central to PMS. Changes in these hormones can affect neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which may influence mood and physical symptoms. Further research is needed to fully understand the metabolomic aspects related to PMS.
Nutraceuticals: Nutraceuticals are food-derived products that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. For premenstrual tension (PMT), commonly used nutraceuticals include:

1. **Vitamin B6**: May help alleviate mood swings and irritability.
2. **Calcium**: Can reduce physical and emotional symptoms associated with PMT.
3. **Magnesium**: May help with bloating, mood changes, and breast tenderness.
4. **Omega-3 fatty acids**: Found in fish oil, these can help alleviate depression and mood swings.
5. **Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus)**: May help reduce breast pain and other symptoms.

Always consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements.
Peptides: Premenstrual tension, also known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), involves a variety of symptoms that occur before menstruation. The role of peptides in PMS is an area of ongoing research. Some studies suggest that fluctuations in certain neuropeptides, such as beta-endorphins, may influence mood and pain perception, potentially impacting PMS symptoms. However, more research is needed to fully understand these mechanisms and their clinical implications. If "nan" refers to "not applicable or none," it would signify that there is no direct, well-established connection between nanotechnology (nan) and PMS treatment or understanding at this time.